4.2 Forests

Forests  are important for the global climate, for our common future and for hundreds of millions of people who live there.

West Mau rain forest, Kenya. Photo: Å. Bjørke

The rainforest is one of the world’s oldest ecosystems, in some places over 60 million years. The genetic pool of the life-forms in the world’s forests is to a large extent unmapped.  The rainforest with its wealth of life forms constitutes one of our planet’s largest troves of unimagined possibilities for future generations.

Forests give vital ecosystem services, prevent erosion, hold and rinse freshwater, produce oxygen, food and give shelter to animals and humans.

Tree plantation in Canada. Photo: L. Hislop

Forests cover just over 4 billion hectares, 31 per cent of the world’s total land area. The majority of these are boreal forests found in Russia, the Nordic countries,  Canada and Alaska.

Tropical forest  are found in the Amazon in Latin America,  in the Congo Basin in Africa and parts of South East Asia.

Temperate forests  are found in patches in the United States, Europe and the Asian mid-latitudes.

The rate of forest loss from both deforestation and natural causes is high. The highest rates of tropical forest loss over occurs in South America and Africa.

UNEP, GEO 5, Land

The USA and Europe have seen some reforestation since the late 1800s. Due to global warming and climate change, droughts, forest fires and insect attacks have exacerbated forest loss.

Sustainable forest management involves the maintenance and enhancement of forest environments, ensuring longevity of forest ecosystems while allowing the best possible environmental, economic, social and cultural opportunities now and into the future. In Canada, the world’s largest exporter of forest products, harvest rates and strict jurisdictions are set to ensure long term ecosystem sustainability, protecting soil and water resources. Photo: L. Hislop

In developing countries the key driving forces  of forest loss are poverty, population growth, international demand for timber and other forest products and insecurity of the rights of local people.

The deforestation and burning of forests have been especially severe in South East Asia

Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra Between 1985 and 2007, 49.3% of all forests on the island were lost. In the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra the figures were 22.7% and 43.4%, respectively. Most forest loss has occurred in the lowlands, the very areas where orangutan density is highest. Author: Riccardo Pravettoni, UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Read more

• Forests (UNEP)
• 10 golden rules for restoring forests. Learn how reforestation can tackle the climate and biodiversity crises.
• Could planting a trillion trees stop global heating?  (2021)
• 10 golden rules for tree-planting and forest restoration
• Trees and forests (Guardian)
• Vital Forest Graphics (GRID-A)
• New Interactive Tool Helps Track Earth’s Forests
• The Sahara forest project
• Earth Has Lost Half of Its Trees Since the Dawn of Civilization 
• Loss of tropical forests makes climate change worse (Yale, 2018)
• Record 129 Million Dead Trees in California (Dec 2017)
•  Forests are key to sustainable development
•  In the fight to stop climate change, forests are a vital weapon  (Guardian)
• The great land rush Indonesia: Saving the earth (Financial Times)
• GRID-Arendal: The state of the rain forests
• WRI: Global Forest watch
• Amazon Deforestation Increases 28 Percent in One Year (Nov 2016)
• UN – Topic Forest
• Deforestation National geographic
• Rain forests threats (NG)
• Wonders of the rainforest
• This Is What the Planet Would Be Like Without Trees.The Earth is losing a forest area the size of Panama every year (Jan 2018).

• Rain Forest Facts and Information – National Geographic

  Mangroves

  • Mangrove Restoration Frustration
  • A Burning Problem For Mangroves
  • Green growth: the save-the-mangrove scheme reaping rewards for women in Kenya
  • Spread the word — protecting mangroves has never been more important
  •  Conserving mangroves protects shorelines
  • Why Mangroves – Starboard Blue (star-board.com)

Next

Home
	Chapter 3	3. Impacts
	Chapter 4	4. Ecosystems
		4.1 Ecosystems and energy flow
		4.2 Forests
		4.3 Agricultural land
		4.4 Oceans
	Chapter 5	5. Green economy